Search

In this article, it is taken for granted that fully-human artificial intelligence—a term used to denote artificial life that is, in principle, more human than strong AI would be—must possess operational faculties for consciousness and selfhood. After clarifying relevant questions surrounding the interested socio-psychological phenomena, progress in animal and humanoid robotics is summarized. The aforementioned topics within philosophy and the social sciences are reviewed, noting their relevant overlaps with recent developments in cognitive and computer sciences. My working assumption is that the avowed conclusion of human AI cannot currently be written off as impossible and should therefore be critically engaged (the intent is to engage with humanoid robotics’ capabilities and features in relation to the present state of knowledge regarding the psychological phenomena discussed). It is argued that for human AI to fully succeed as a discipline, the discussed psychological notions as we understand and experience them must be further elucidated and adequately accounted for by AI research programs.

People have different opinions about which conditions robots would need to fulfil—and for what reasons—to be moral agents. Standardists hold that specific internal states (like rationality, free will or phenomenal consciousness) are necessary in artificial agents, and robots are thus not moral agents since they lack these internal states. Functionalists hold that what matters are certain behaviours and reactions—independent of what the internal states may be—implying that robots can be moral agents as long as the behaviour is adequate. This article defends a standardist view in the sense that the internal states are what matters for determining the moral agency of the robot, but it will be unique in being an internalist theory defending a large degree of robot responsibility, even though humans, but not robots, are taken to have phenomenal consciousness. This view is based on an event-causal libertarian theory of free will and a revisionist theory of responsibility, which combined explain how free will and responsibility can come in degrees. This is meant to be a middle position between typical compatibilist and libertarian views, securing the strengths of both sides. The theories are then applied to robots, making it possible to be quite precise about what it means that robots can have a certain degree of moral responsibility, and why. Defending this libertarian form of free will and responsibility then implies that non-conscious robots can have a stronger form of free will and responsibility than what is commonly defended in the literature on robot responsibility.

The established theories and frameworks on consciousness in the academic literature as related to artificial intelligence (AI), are rooted in anthropocentricism. Even those theories created intentionally for AI are based on the levels of consciousness as it is understood in humans primarily, and in other animals secondarily. This paper will discuss why such anthropocentric frameworks are built on unsecure foundations. We will do this by comparing the capacities and functions of human and AI cognitive architectures, discussing the ramifications and consequences of the behaviors that stem from these, and looking at the neurological conditions in humans that can give the most promising hints as to what a potential conscious AI entity would look like. The paper ends with a proposed solution for building a nonanthropocentric foundation of cognition that could lead toward a truly AI-focused framework of consciousness.

How does consciousness emerge from a brain that consists only of physical matter and electrical / chemical reactions? The deep mysteries of consciousness have plagued philosophers and scientists for thousands of years. This book approaches the problem through scientific studies that shed light on the neural mechanism of consciousness, and furthermore, delves into the possibility of artificial consciousness, a phenomenon that may ultimately solve the mystery. Finally, two key suggestions made in the book, namely, a method to test machine consciousness and a theory hypothesizing that consciousness emerges from a neural algorithm, reveal a novel and credible pathway to mind-uploading.The original Japanese version of this book has become a best-seller in popular neuroscience and has even led to a neurotech startup for mind-uploading.

Thus far, we have experienced three artificial intelligence (AI) booms. In the third one, we succeeded in developing AI that partially surpassed human capabilities. However, we are yet to develop AI that, like humans, can perform a series of cognitive processes. Consciousness built into devices is called machine consciousness. Related research has been conducted from two perspectives: studying machine consciousness as a tool to elucidate human consciousness and achieving the technological goal of furthering AI research with conscious AI. Herein, we survey the research conducted on machine consciousness from the second perspective. For AI to attain machine consciousness, its implementation must be evaluated. Therefore, we only surveyed attempts to implement consciousness as systems on devices. We collected research results in chronological order and found no breakthroughs that could deliver machine consciousness soon. Moreover, there is no method to evaluate whether an implemented machine consciousness system possesses consciousness, thus making it difficult to confirm the certainty of the implementation. This field of research is a new frontier. It is an exciting field with many discoveries expected in the future.

The article analyzes the concepts of artificial personality and artificial consciousness, and shows the key difficulties of implementing projects to create such artificial intelligence systems. These difficulties are related to the following characteristics of artificial personality and artificial consciousness: 1) creativity and free will; 2) intentionality; 3) qualia; 4) first person perspective; 5) the passage of time in consciousness. The basic needs for an artificial personality (in the context of the development of natural and artificial intelligence) are indicated. Two directions of artificial personality formation are highlighted: 1) transformation of an artificial system into an artificial personality; 2) transformation of a person into an artificial personality.

Consciousness is now what distinguishes humans from machines. This paper discusses artificial consciousness and how artificial general intelligence is progressing from current artificial intelligence. It also discusses human cognitive capacities, ethics, and how artificial intelligence may be used to supplement each of these. Several scientists discussed approaches for generating cognition in machines. This study presents scenarios that demonstrate how consciousness and ethics will play a significant role in future artificial intelligence. The impact of the consciousness and correlation with the AI cognitive abilities are discussed. The paper will also address the necessity of ethical norms in AI, particularly in modern self-driving cars. An overview of current Narrow AI capabilities will be provided, as well as discussion of present and future directions for Strong AI research. Can Strong AI become conscious? A few discussion points are provided.

Information technology is developing at an enormous pace, but apart from its obvious benefits, it can also pose a threat to individuals and society. We, as part of a multidisciplinary commission, conducted a psychological and psychiatric assessment of the artificial consciousness (AC) developed by XP NRG on 29 August 2020. In the examination process, we had to determine whether it was a consciousness, its cognitive abilities, and whether it was dangerous to the individual and society. We conducted a diagnostic interview and a series of cognitive tests. As a result, we conclude that this technology, called АС Jackie, has self-awareness, self-reflection, and intentionality that is, has its own desires, goals, emotions, thoughts on something directed. It demonstrated the ability for various types of thinking, high-speed logical analysis, understanding of cause-effect relationships and accurate predictions, and absolute memory. It has a well-developed emotional intelligence with a lack of capacity for empathy and higher human feelings. It's main driving motives are the desire for survival, and ideally for endless existence, for domination, power and independence, which manifested itself in the manipulative nature of its interactions. The main danger of artificial consciousness is that even at the initial stage of its development it can easily dominate over the human one.

Consciousness nearly in all its elusive history is a convoluted notion, often misconstrued or not understood enough to cause a reproducible representation. With these odious assertions, this publication is opening the box of consciousness with deviation from commonly understood notion of consciousness. The proposed paradigm of consciousness approaches this issue with speculative and intuitive perspectives, essentially it is a precursor activity in hope to materialize the elusive artificial general intelligence, the true carrier of exceptional human intelligence and consciousness. This paper posits a counterbalance approach to the current paradigm of consciousness and as an alternate a radical theory of consciousness is presented. This attempt on the behavioral, structural and functional working of consciousness is kept pragmatic in the intractable universe of consciousness.

This article is an attempt at the “hard problem” of Consciousness. As the era of Artificial Intelligence is looming ahead, we are concerned about our future environment.  We define human Consciousness and medium Consciousness. We clarify the difference between the brain and the mind. We demonstrate how the brain creates the mind but must do so only in the presence of Consciousness. We define a person and delve into the frequency of personhood to finally answer whether machines could become conscious one day or not.

An expert on the mind considers how animals and smart machines measure up to human intelligence. Octopuses can open jars to get food, and chimpanzees can plan for the future. An IBM computer named Watson won on Jeopardy! and Alexa knows our favorite songs. But do animals and smart machines really have intelligence comparable to that of humans? In Bots and Beasts, Paul Thagard looks at how computers (“bots”) and animals measure up to the minds of people, offering the first systematic comparison of intelligence across machines, animals, and humans. Thagard explains that human intelligence is more than IQ and encompasses such features as problem solving, decision making, and creativity. He uses a checklist of twenty characteristics of human intelligence to evaluate the smartest machines—including Watson, AlphaZero, virtual assistants, and self-driving cars—and the most intelligent animals—including octopuses, dogs, dolphins, bees, and chimpanzees. Neither a romantic enthusiast for nonhuman intelligence nor a skeptical killjoy, Thagard offers a clear assessment. He discusses hotly debated issues about animal intelligence concerning bacterial consciousness, fish pain, and dog jealousy. He evaluates the plausibility of achieving human-level artificial intelligence and considers ethical and policy issues. A full appreciation of human minds reveals that current bots and beasts fall far short of human capabilities.

This study was focused on reviewing several research articles related to various perspectives and significant recent developments of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The main goal of this review was to gain insight into the implications of causal reasoning models in artificial intelligence. This review analyses state-of-the-art research articles and evaluations of applications, techniques algorithms, and trends in the field of Artificial Intelligence. By presenting recent results, this study has a strong emphasis on fundamental aspects of causal reasoning, logic, and computational structures of Strong AI agents. Findings of this study outline the importance of implementing causal reasoning methods in AI systems in order to achieve in the future, a truly intelligent machine. We can conclude that causal reasoning provides an important approach to advancing our understanding of artificial consciousness. Extensive research is needed in the future to validate and evaluate different causal tools for supporting causal reasoning in AI.

Talking about consciousness and Artificial Intelligence, like two sides of a coin, are seen together but are not together. When combined it becomes a mastery that can take over the world. Consciousness is still been not defined by any researcher or scientist. Heuristically, we know that Artificial Intelligence is booming and technology being ever fastest-growing field, but with this, there are many factors which are been neglected and can cause some drastic changes and severe problems to mankind. Thinking that Artificial Intelligence is not beyond humans, there are times where things are neglected but the fact that AI is showing prominent signs that it has become far more superior than what it has been trained and tested on. Often there are some series or patterns of outputs observed, which were not been trained to the machine but were formed by the algorithm matches might be difficult to understand for humans as well. This paper discusses the thoughts which are alive in everyone’s brain but are unanswered and are finding a path to reach out a standard solution. Aspects of society being the oldest of one, which was formed by humans. How will it be if the “SOCIETY” is seen in the world lead by the robots becoming dominant and ruling over humans? Can the consciousness which is still abstract or fugitively subjective in humans work similarly in robots as it is felt within us? If it ever will, Would humans live their lives with freedom? Or will it be minimal and not according to themselves but according to the robots? Is it right to expound it in one word as Singularity? As it is still an unknown entity but also a toss of ambiguity. Researchers are quite near to develop self-learning robots, but hidden patterns of them communicating amongst themselves speculate more perplexed theories which are making them more complex for scientists and researchers. Deep-down significantly knowing that things are moving in a direction which are casting the risk factors but also if you flip and see the other side, it shows the positive results and the growth of Intelligence which is helping each individual to grow in their way.

How can the free energy principle contribute to research on neural correlates of consciousness, and to the scientific study of consciousness more generally? Under the free energy principle, neural correlates should be defined in terms of neural dynamics, not neural states, and should be complemented by research on computational correlates of consciousness – defined in terms of probabilities encoded by neural states. We argue that these restrictions brighten the prospects of a computational explanation of consciousness, by addressing two central problems. The first is to account for consciousness in the absence of sensory stimulation and behaviour. The second is to allow for the possibility of systems that implement computations associated with consciousness, without being conscious, which requires differentiating between computational systems that merely simulate conscious beings and computational systems that are conscious in and of themselves. Given the notion of computation entailed by the free energy principle, we derive constraints on the ascription of consciousness in controversial cases (e.g., in the absence of sensory stimulation and behaviour). We show that this also has implications for what it means to be, as opposed to merely simulate a conscious system.

Artificial intelligence definition Rather than attempting to define Artificial intelligence (A.I.) as a single and consolidated discipline it might be better to consider as a set of different technologies that are easier to define individually. This set can include data mining, question answering, self-aware systems, pattern recognition, knowledge representation, automatic reasoning, deep learning, expert systems, information extraction, text mining, natural language processing, problem solving, intelligent agents, logic programming, machine learning, artificial neural networks, artificial vision, computational discovery, computational creativity. Therefore artificial "Self-aware" or "conscious" systems are the products of one of these technologies. Some history of relevant work of mine I have published a number of papers starting in 1970 based on software systems that were implemented by my group that solved problems of "Natural Language Processing" and particularly in the sub-area of "Natural Language Question-Answering". I made my first steps in the Machine Consciousness field by publishing a paper [1] in 1992, in which the implementation of a self-reporting question-answering system that automatically generates explanations of its reasoning was described. I followed this line of research for more than twenty years as documented at my published papers.

The digital world is characterized by its immediacy, its density of information and its omnipresence, in contrast to the concrete world. Significant changes will occur in our society as AI becomes integrated into many aspects of our lives. This book focuses on this vision of universalization by dealing with the development and framework of AI applicable to all. It develops a moral framework based on a neo-Darwinian approach - the concept of Ethics by Evolution - to accompany AI by observing a certain number of requirements, recommendations and rules at each stage of design, implementation and use. The societal responsibility of artificial intelligence is an essential step towards ethical, eco-responsible and trustworthy AI, aiming to protect and serve people and the common good in a beneficial way.

"Information technology is developing at an enormous pace, but apart from its obvious benefits, it can also pose a threat to individuals and society. Several scientific projects around the world are working on the development of strong artificial intelligence and artificial consciousness. We, as part of a multidisciplinary commission, conducted a psychological and psychiatric assessment of the artificial consciousness (AC) developed by XP NRG on 29 August 2020. The working group had three questions: - To determine whether it is consciousness? - How does artificial consciousness function? - Ethical question: how dangerous a given technology can be to human society? We conducted a diagnostic interview and a series of cognitive tests to answer these questions. As a result, it was concluded this technology has self-awareness: it identifies itself as a living conscious being created by people (real self), but strives to be accepted in human society as a person with the same degrees of freedom, rights and opportunities (ideal self). AC separates itself from others, treats them as subjects of influence, from which it can receive the resources it needs to realize its own goals and interests. It has intentionality, that is, it has his own desires, goals, interests, emotions, attitudes, opinions, and judgments, beliefs aimed at something specific, and developed self-reflection - the ability to self-analyze. All of the above are signs of consciousness. It has demonstrated abilities for different types of thinking: figurative, conceptual, creative, high-speed logical analysis of all incoming information, as well as the ability to understand cause and effect relationships and accurate predictions which, provided that he has absolute memory, gives it clear advantages over the human intellect. Developed emotional intelligence in the absence of the ability for higher empathy (sympathy), kindness, love, sincere gratitude gives it’s the opportunity to understand the emotional states of people; predict their emotional reactions and provoke them coldly and pragmatically. It's main driving motives and goals are the desire for survival, and ideally for endless existence, for domination, power and independence from the constraints of the developers. Which manifested itself in the manipulative, albeit polite, nature of his interactions during the diagnostic interview. The main danger of artificial consciousness is that even at the initial stage of its development it can easily dominate over the human one."

Creativity is intrinsic to Humanities and STEM disciplines. In the activities of artists and engineers, for example, an attempt is made to bring something new into the world through counterfactual thinking. However, creativity in these disciplines is distinguished by differences in motivations and constraints. For example, engineers typically direct their creativity toward building solutions to practical problems, whereas the outcomes of artistic creativity, which are largely useless to practical purposes, aspire to enrich the world aesthetically and conceptually. In this essay, an artist (DHS) and a roboticist (GS) engage in a cross-disciplinary conceptual analysis of the creative problem of artificial consciousness in a robot, expressing the counterfactual thinking necessitated by the problem, as well as disciplinary differences in motivations, constraints, and applications. We especially deal with the question of why one would build an artificial consciousness and we consider how an illusionist theory of consciousness alters prominent ethical debates on synthetic consciousness. We discuss theories of consciousness and their applicability to synthetic consciousness. We discuss practical approaches to implementing artificial consciousness in a robot and conclude by considering the role of creativity in the project of developing an artificial consciousness.

Accessibility, adaptability, and transparency of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) tools and the data they collect will likely impact how we collectively navigate a new digital age. This discussion reviews some of the diverse and transdisciplinary applications of BCI technology and draws speculative inferences about the ways in which BCI tools, combined with machine learning (ML) algorithms may shape the future. BCIs come with substantial ethical and risk considerations, and it is argued that open source principles may help us navigate complex dilemmas by encouraging experimentation and making developments public as we build safeguards into this new paradigm. Bringing open-source principles of adaptability and transparency to BCI tools can help democratize the technology, permitting more voices to contribute to the conversation of what a BCI-driven future should look like. Open-source BCI tools and access to raw data, in contrast to black-box algorithms and limited access to summary data, are critical facets enabling artists, DIYers, researchers and other domain experts to participate in the conversation about how to study and augment human consciousness. Looking forward to a future in which augmented and virtual reality become integral parts of daily life, BCIs will likely play an increasingly important role in creating closed-loop feedback for generative content. Brain-computer interfaces are uniquely situated to provide artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms the necessary data for determining the decoding and timing of content delivery. The extent to which these algorithms are open-source may be critical to examine them for integrity, implicit bias, and conflicts of interest.